Cirroform Skylapses©

I think overcast skies can be just as beautiful and interesting as deep blue skies filled with big white puffy cumulus clouds.

Three time series of photos were taken during the afternoon on 28 October 2026 using my Fujifilm X-T5 camera and a Meike 6.5mm circular fisheye lens. The camera was mounted on a tripod with the lens facing the zenith. The entire dome of the sky is shown in the circular field of view; the horizon is located around the outer rim of the circle.

Fairfax County, Virginia USA

28 OCT 2026 | 1:43 PM EDT to 2:52 PM EDT

Cirroform clouds were streaming across the sky from south to north. Did you notice the large "hole in the clouds" visible in the third video segment?

A hole in the clouds is known scientifically as a fallstreak hole or cavum... . It looks like a clean, circular or elliptical gap cut right out of a thin layer of clouds. Source Credits: Google AI Overview; links added to the International Cloud Atlas.

The following photo is the last frame of the third video segment.

28 OCT 2026 | 2:52 PM EDT

I think one or more hole in the clouds can be seen in every video segment; the hole in video segment three (shown above) is a no-doubter.

Wind (mph), Weather and Sky Condition

"Wind (mph)," "Weather" and "Sky Cond." are highlighted by red rectangles in the following excerpt from a table of three-day weather observations for KDCA on 28 October 2026 nearest the times when I recorded the time lapse videos.

Source Credit: KDCA | National Weather Service

The clouds reported under "weather" and "sky condition" were "mostly cloudy" (BKN at 25,000 feet). Remember BKN = Broken = 5/8 to 7/8 of sky coverage. In the temperate region high level clouds occur from 16,500 to 45,000 feet. Therefore most of the clouds shown in my YouTube video are cirroform, including cirrus (Ci), cirrocumulus (Cc) and possibly Cirrocumulus floccus (Cc flo).

Panoramic Images

The following panoramic composite images were taken using the "Camera" app on my Apple iPad mini 6, set for "Pano" mode. The iPad was mounted on a tripod located at the uppermost level of a seven-story parking garage.

The first composite image pans from the southeast (left) around to the north (right).

28 OCT 2026 | 4:03 PM EDT | Panoramic view. (16041 x 3674 pixels.)

The next composite image is a "mini-Pano" that shows detail in the clouds near the Sun.

28 OCT 2026 | 3:57 PM EDT. Mini-Pano. (7210 x 3814 pixels.)

Fall Foliage

Meanwhile, back on the Earth's surface it's the most colorfall time of the year. Both photos were taken looking down from the sixth floor of the parking garage for the building where I live.

Facing east-southeast.

Facing southeast.

Tech Tips

My Fujifilm X-T5 camera was set for manual exposure and manual focus. The focal length of the Meike 6.5mm circular fisheye lens is, well, 6.5mm (~9.75mm to 10mm, 35mm equivalent). Aperture was set for ~f/8. The focus ring was set for ~3 ft, the hyperfocal distance at f/8. Shutter Speed was 1/3,200 s for all three video clips. ISO was set for 125. White Balance was set for "AUTO WHITE PRIORITY." Aspect Ratio was set for M 3:2 (5472 x 3648 pixels). Image Quality was set for FINE+RAW (Fine JPEG plus LOSSLESS COMPRESSED RAF). Film Simulation was set for PROVIA/STANDARD. A two (2) second interval was used between photos.

The camera-lens combo was mounted on a ball head/tripod so that the lens is pointed at the zenith. A clear green plastic spirit level mounted on the X-T5 hot shoe was used to level the camera body in this orientation. Since the wind was light, I fully extended the center column on my tripod (and stood beside the tripod, beneath the camera) so that I wouldn't appear in any of the photos.

Three photo sets of 591, 606, and 596 photos, respectively, were rendered to video using Apple "QuickTime Player" (free). The resulting movie clips were edited using Apple "Photos" (free). The final YouTube video was created using DaVinci Resolve (free).

Related Resources

• Cavum | International Cloud Atlas - World Meteorological Organization
• F / Fallstreak hole Glossary | International Cloud Atlas - World Meteorological Organization
• Posts on Walter Sanford's Blog with the label "Meike 6.5mm."
• Module 4 - Cloud Identification | UW-Madison - "In this module, you will learn (with lots of fun applets!): 1. Ten common cloud types and how they are formed. 2. How to identify different cloud types on satellite images."

Post Update: There are three basic types of weather satellite imagery: visible; infrared; and water vapor. Visible imagery shows visible light reflected from the tops of clouds and land and water surfaces below the clouds. Infrared imagery shows thermal energy radiated by those same surfaces. And water vapor imagery is a special type of infrared imagery that shows the specific wavelengths of thermal energy radiated by water vapor in the atmosphere. (Remember, water vapor is the gaseous form of water.)

The following visible image was captured from Meteor M2-4 -- one of two Russian polar orbiting weather satellites -- during the afternoon on 28 October 2026 by my good friend Luis Acosta.

Meteor M2-4. Image used with permission from Luis Acosta.

Zoom in on the mid-Atlantic region and look closely at the clouds that look thin and wispy. [Editor's Note: Ignore the parts of the image where there was interference with the  signal received from the satellite. Those places look like blurry horizontal bars across the image.] Those clouds are possibly/probably some of the same cirroform clouds that I observed at my location in Northern Virginia USA.

Visit Meteorology and Weather Satellites for more of Luis's excellent weather satellite imagery.

Copyright © 2026 by Walter Sanford. All rights reserved.

Minor modification; major improvement.

I modified my "no tools necessary" design for repurposing an "Orbit" two-hour mechanical hose watering timer as a timer for creating panoramic time lapse videos using inexpensive off-the-shelf, ready-to-use parts available at most hardware stores.

Close-up view, rig for mounting GoPro/"Orbit" two-hour timer.

I connected a right angle bend (90-degrees) PVC coupler to a one foot (1') piece of PVC pipe. The new coupler fits snugly and securely without using PVC glue.

The right angle bend orients the camera/timer rig so it can rotate 360 degrees (full circle) without the mount showing in the video -- a problem with my initial design.

Mid-range view. Notice the blue/gray safety strap for the GoPro.

Two gear bags hang from the tripod. I call the white canvas tote bag a "saddle bag"; it's used carry camera gear and tablet(s). The orange Kelty belt-pack is used to carry smaller items such as spare batteries, a small flashlight, pen and paper, etc.

Full view showing tripod/camera mount, and two gear bags.

Parts List

• "Orbit" two-hour mechanical hose watering timer
• Essentia water bottle cap (black plastic) [fits screw threads on male end of "Orbit" timer]
• GoPro flat adhesive mount (mounted on top of the timer)
• Charlotte Pipe 3/4" 90-degree PVC elbow (~$3.00)
• one foot (1') long piece of 3/4" PVC pipe
• Charlotte Pipe PVC end cap (nice but not essential)
• SmallRig Super Clamp with 1/4" and 3/8" thread
• Manfrotto 323 RC2 System Quick Release Adapter with 200PL-14 Plate
  
• Alta Pro SBH 100 ball head and 263AT tripod (The same ball head and a similar tripod are available on Amazon.)

Looking Up

Fairfax County, Virginia USA

24 OCT 2026 | 4:21 PM EDT

The camera pans counterclockwise from west to east. The "Orbit" two-hour mechanical timer rotates noticeably more slowly than my one-hour mechanical kitchen timer.

Wind (mph), Weather and Sky Condition

"Wind (mph)," "Weather" and "Sky Cond." are highlighted by red rectangles in the following excerpt from a table of three-day weather observations for KDCA on 24 October 2026 nearest the times when I recorded the time lapse video.

Source Credit: KDCA | National Weather Service

The clouds reported under "sky condition" were all below 6,500 feet. In the temperate region low level clouds occur from 0 to 6,500 feet, therefore most of the clouds shown in my YouTube video are species/varieties of stratocumulus (Sc). 

Looking Down

The following image was captured from Meteor M2-4 -- one of two Russian polar orbiting weather satellites -- during the afternoon on 24 October 2026 by Luis Acosta, my good friend and amateur radio guru.

Luis's ground station is located in New Jersey (USA) but as you can see the view shown in the satellite image includes my location in Northern Virginia (USA). Although the time of the satellite pass 15:48 EDT (3:48 PM) isn't perfectly synchronous with the time of my time lapse video it's close enough. Notice the cumuliform clouds located above the mid-Atlantic United States.

Meteor M2-4. Image used with permission from Luis Acosta.

Visit Meteorology and Weather Satellites for more of Luis's excellent weather satellite imagery.

Tech Tips

My GoPro HERO4 Black action camera was set for "Video" mode / "Time Lapse Video" submode at a resolution of 4K and an interval of one (1) second.

GoPro "Quik" app (Ver. 13.43) screenshot.

In my opinion, it’s much easier to operate the GoPro by pairing the camera with either a smart phone or tablet running the GoPro “Quik” app and using one of those devices to control the camera remotely. In this case I used the GoPro "Quik" app (Version 13.43) running on an Apple iPad mini 6 to compose the scene.

Notice the information/icons highlighted by a red rcctangle in the preceding screenshot. Unless you're The Six Million Dollar Man the info is so small that it's practically impossible to see, especially in the field. Think that's just hyperbole? Consider this: The display on a smart phone must be virtually useless!

And what's with all the wasted space in the bottom third of the screen, especially the rectangle that includes the start/stop recording button? In my opinion that area could/should be smaller in favor of a larger preview window. Hey GoPro, are you listening?

Related Resources: Posts on Walter Sanford's Blog with the label "no tools necessary."

Copyright © 2026 by Walter Sanford. All rights reserved.

Altocumulapse - Going, going, gone.

The following YouTube video shows three time lapse views of the sky over Fairfax County, Virginia USA during the afternoon on 14 October 2026. The camera was mounted on a tripod with the lens facing the zenith. The entire dome of the sky is shown in the circular field of view; the horizon is located around the outer rim of the circle. Beautiful mid-level altocumulus clouds were streaming across the sky for the first two of three video segments.

Fairfax County, Virginia USA

14 OCT 2026 | 12:27 PM to 1:14 PM EDT

Did you notice the helicopter fly-by about halfway through the third video clip? It happens very quickly at 1x playback speed. Click on "Settings" (the gear icon) and change the speed to either 0.5x or 0.25x.

Notice the helicopter just to the left of the Sun.

Cropped version, showing helicopter more clearly.

Helicopters fly over my location frequently; I think this is the first time I captured one during a time lapse.

Wind (mph), Weather and Sky Condition

"Wind (mph)," "Weather" and "Sky Cond." are highlighted by red rectangles in the following excerpt from a table of three-day weather observations for KDCA on 14 October 2026 nearest the times when I recorded the time lapse videos.

Source Credit: KDCA | National Weather Service

The "weather" was reported as mostly cloudy [BKN (5/8 to 7/8 sky coverage)] during the entire excerpt shown above. The clouds reported under "sky condition" were between 15,000 and 18,000 feet. In the temperate region middle level clouds occur between 6,500 and 23,000 feet, therefore most of the clouds shown in my YouTube video are altocumulus (Ac).

Panoramic Image

The following panoramic composite image was taken using the "Camera" app on my Apple iPad mini 6, set for "Pano" mode. The iPad was mounted on a tripod located at the uppermost level of a seven-story parking garage.

14 OCT 2026 | 2:20 PM EDT | Panoramic view. (14838 x 3828 pixels.)

The sky was mostly clear by the time I set up to shoot some panoramic images, so I focused less on the sky and more on the parking garage and building infrastructure.

Tech Tips

My Fujifilm X-T5 camera was set for manual exposure and manual focus. The focal length of the Opteka 6.5mm circular fisheye lens is, well, 6.5mm (~9.75mm to 10mm, 35mm equivalent). Aperture was set for ~f/8. The focus ring was set for ~3 ft, the hyperfocal distance at f/8. Shutter Speed was 1/3,200 s for all three video clips. White Balance was set for "AUTO WHITE PRIORITY." Aspect Ratio was set for M 3:2 (5472 x 3648 pixels). Image Quality was set for FINE+RAW (Fine JPEG plus LOSSLESS COMPRESSED RAF). A one (1) second interval was used between photos.

The camera-lens combo was mounted on a ball head/tripod so that the lens is pointed at the zenith. A clear green plastic spirit level mounted on the X-T5 hot shoe was used to level the camera body in this orientation. Since the wind was light, I fully extended the center column on my tripod (and stood beside the tripod, beneath the camera) so that I wouldn't appear in any of the photos.

Three photo sets of 843, 847, and 688 photos, respectively, were rendered to video using Apple "QuickTime Player" (free). The resulting movie clips were edited using Apple "Photos" (free). The final YouTube video was created using DaVinci Resolve (free).

Related Resources

• Altocumulus (Ac) | International Cloud Atlas - World Meteorological Organization
• Levels | International Cloud Atlas - World Meteorological Organization
• METAR explanation

Copyright © 2026 by Walter Sanford. All rights reserved.

Listening to ARISS redux

If at first you don't succeed ... well, you know the rest of that old saying. Regular readers of my blog might remember the first time I tried to listen to Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) was unsuccessful. So I decided to try again.

The process was fairly simple and straightforward. I referred to a schedule of ISS passes, picked a good pass for listening to ARISS, went to a place with a clear view of the sky and used an inexpensive shortwave radio to listen on the right day at the right time.

ISS Pass Predictions

I used the n2yo.com Web site to get a table of "10-day predictions for Space Station."

n2yo.com | 10-Day Predictions for ISS

Next I selected a nearly overhead pass during the afternoon on 07 October 2026.

n2yo.com | excerpt from 10-Day Predictions for ISS

The 11 minute pass started at 16:09 EDT (4:09 PM) and ended at 16:20 EDT (4:20 PM), reaching a maximum altitude of 88° (near the zenith).

Gear Talk/Tech Tips

I used a modified V-dipole antenna and my Baofeng UV-5R shortwave radio (tuned for 437.800 MHz, the download frequency for ARISS with "Squelch" set for "0") to listen during the window of time between the "Start" and "End" times shown in the n2yo.com table of 10-day predictions. I used an Apple iPad mini 2 (running the Apple "Voice Memos" app) to record audio from the speaker on my Baofeng UV-5R radio.

For most of the ISS pass I recorded radio static and ambient noise (including wind). Toward the end of the 11 minute window I heard an amateur radio operator announce his call sign two times. Just to be clear, the ham transmitted a signal (145.990 MHz, upload frequency) to a radio repeater on-board the ISS and the repeater retransmitted a signal that I received using my handheld shortwave radio -- approximately a 500 mile round-trip from Earth to ISS and back to Earth. Very cool!

I used Apple "QuckTime Player" to trim the audio recording to remove static/noise (from the first eight minutes and last few minutes), and DaVinci Resolve to create a simple video for YouTube.

Related Resources

• Tracking the International Space Station - a blog post by Walter Sanford
• ARISS - Amateur Radio on the International Space Station and ISS Ham Radio Status
• International Space Station - NASA

Post update: ISS pass on 07-OCT-2026 by Luis Acosta features a recording of the ISS amateur radio repeater on the same date and time as mine. Using a better antenna and shortwave radio than me, Luis captured much more audio from the ISS repeater than I did with my simple antenna and radio.

Copyright © 2026 by Walter Sanford. All rights reserved.

Panoramic stratocumulapse

The following panoramic time lapse video shows the sky above Fairfax County, Virginia USA on 29 September 2026 beginning at 12:50 PM EDT. Two video segments were recorded using my GoPro HERO4 Black action camera mounted on an inexpensive mechanical one-hour kitchen timer. The camera pans counterclockwise beginning from the south-southeast, around past north, and ending to the southwest.

Experience has shown it can be challenging to align the camera so that everything looks level as the camera pans around the horizon.

Panoramic Image

The following panoramic composite image was taken using the "Camera" app on my Apple iPad mini 6, set for "Pano" mode. The iPad was mounted on a tripod located at my usual vantage point on top of a seven-story parking garage.

29 SEP 2026 | 1:22 PM | Panoramic view. (15831 × 3659 pixels.)

Some of the clouds in the preceding panoramic view looked dark and threatening and did in fact produce very light rain briefly during the shot.

Wind (mph), Weather and Sky Condition

"Wind (mph)," "Weather" and "Sky Cond." are highlighted by red rectangles in the following excerpt from a table of three-day weather observations for KDCA on 29 September 2026 nearest the times when I recorded the time lapse videos and panoramic composite photo.

Source Credit: KDCA | National Weather Service

The "weather" was reported as overcast (OVC) during the entire photoshoot; the clouds reported under "sky condition" were all lower than 6,500 feet. Low level stratocumulus (Sc) clouds were moving across the sky from the northwest to southeast.

Tech Tips

The GoPro camera was set for "Video" mode / "Time Lapse Video" submode at a resolution of 4K and an interval of one (1) second.

The mechanical one-hour kitchen timer works as well as sliders that cost hundreds of dollars. That's why I refer to it fondly as "the little kitchen timer that could." I don't set the kitchen timer for a specific amount of time -- I just turn the dial clockwise until it's set for one hour. Then I compose the shot (by rotating the ball head to check the end points of the panoramic view) and start recording for as long as I need/want.

"CommerciaLapse," one of my earlier blog posts, features photos and a detailed description of the magnet-free rig I use for mounting the one-hour mechanical kitchen timer on a tripod plus a description of how the GoPro is mounted on the timer.

There is no viewfinder screen on the back of the HERO4 Black, only a small "Camera Status Screen" on the front of the camera. Although it’s possible to operate the HERO4 Black manually using only the small screen on the front of the camera, it’s less than ideal for navigating menus and making settings.

In my opinion, it’s much easier to pair the camera with either a smart phone or tablet running the GoPro “Quik” app and use one of those devices to control the camera remotely. In this case I used the GoPro "Quik" app [Version 13.39 (21291) running on an Apple iPad mini 6] to compose the scene.

Related Resources: Posts on Walter Sanford's Blog with the labels "GoPro" and/or "one-hour kitchen timer."

Copyright © 2026 by Walter Sanford. All rights reserved.

Quick Tips Tuesday

This is the first installment of an occasional series of shorter blog posts called "Quick Tips Tuesday" in which I will share one or more simple/useful gear/tech tips. For example, how to enable control of Sensitivity (ISO) and Shutter Speed from the front- and rear command dials on select Fujifilm X Series cameras.

The following photograph shows my Fujifilm X-T5, Opteka 6.5mm circular fisheye lens, and clear green plastic spirit level mounted on the camera hotshoe. Notice the lens is set for an aperture of ~f/8 and the focus ring is set for ~3 ft. Yeah, yeah, I realize it looks like the focus ring is set for infinity but it's set for 3 ft, the hyperfocal distance for this lens at f/8. [For more information see "Hacks" for focusing Opteka 6.5mm circular fisheye lens.]

Fujifilm X-T5 plus Opteka 6.5mm circular fisheye lens.

The Sensitivity dial is set for "C" (command). This enables control of ISO from the front command dial in 1/3 stop increments.

Fujifilm X-T5 Owner's Manual | Taking Photographs / Sensitivity

The Shutter speed dial is set for "T" (Time). This setting enables control of Shutter speed from the rear command dial in 1/3 stop increments.

Fujifilm X-T5 Owner's Manual | Taking Photographs / P, S, A, and M Modes

The "C" setting on the Sensitivity dial (ISO) isn't available on either my Fujifilm X-T3 or X-T1. The "T" setting on the Shutter speed dial is available on all three Fujifilm X Series camera I own (X-T5, X-T3, and X-T1).

Related Resource: "Mr. T" is a little trick I learned from Chris Lee (a.k.a., pal2tech) that makes a big difference. For more information watch Fujifilm Shutter Speed Dial (8:20), a YouTube video by Chris.

Copyright © 2026 by Walter Sanford. All rights reserved.

Another stratocumulapse

The following YouTube video shows two time lapse views of the sky over Fairfax County, Virginia USA during the afternoon on 18 September 2026. The camera was mounted on a tripod with the lens facing the zenith. The entire dome of the sky is shown in the circular field of view; the horizon is located around the outer rim of the circle.

Fairfax County, Virginia USA

18 SEP 2026 | 1:07 PM to 1:35 PM

Stratocumulus clouds (Sc) were streaming across the sky from north to south, as shown in the preceding time lapse video segments. After watching the video, perhaps you might agree with me that "Break Through the Clouds II" is an appropriate title for the song used as the music bed in my video.

The following panoramic composite image was taken using the "Camera" app on my Apple iPad mini 6, set for "Pano" mode.

18 SEP 2026 | 3:06 PM | Panoramic view. (16239 × 3834 pixels.)

Although some of the clouds in the preceding panoramic view looked dark and threatening, they didn't produce precipitation. The following local radar "Super-Res Reflectivity 1" image, saved using the "RadarScope" app, shows widely scattered rain showers across Virginia.

NWS KLWX Sterling [Virginia] | 3:29 PM EDT

"Wind (mph)," "Weather" and "Sky Cond." are highlighted by red rectangles in the following excerpt from a table of three-day weather observations for KDCA on 18 SEP 2026 near the times when I recorded the photos used to create the time lapse video segments, and the panoramic composite image.

Source Credit: KDCA | National Weather Service.

The clouds in the sky were mostly low level stratocumulus clouds (Sc) [from the Earth's surface to 2 km (0 - 6,500 ft)], as shown by the preceding table of weather observations.

Tech Tips

My Fujifilm X-T5 camera was set for manual exposure and manual focus. The focal length of the Opteka 6.5mm circular fisheye lens is, well, 6.5mm (~9.75mm to 10mm, 35mm equivalent). Aperture was set for ~f/8. The focus ring was set for ~3 ft, the hyperfocal distance at f/8. Shutter Speed was 1/1,250 s for the first video clip; 1/1,600 s for the second clip. ISO was set for 125. White Balance was accidentally set for 10,000 K (Kelvin), adding extreme orange-red warmth to the original JPG photos, and was corrected during post-processing. Aspect Ratio was set for M 3:2 (5472 x 3648 pixels). Image Quality was set for FINE+RAW (Fine JPEG plus LOSSLESS COMPRESSED RAF). A two (2) second interval was used between photos.

The camera-lens combo was mounted on a ball head/tripod so that the lens is pointed at the zenith. A green plastic spirit level mounted on the X-T5 hot shoe, used to level the camera body in this orientation.

Two photo sets were rendered to video using Apple "QuickTime Player"; the resulting movie clips were edited using Apple "Photos." The final YouTube video was created using DaVinci Resolve.

Related Resources 

• "Road Lapse" and "Sky Lapse" along Richmond Highway" - a blog post by Walter Sanford featuring a time lapse video that was recorded after the two time lapse videos- and before the panoramic view included in this post.
• Posts on Walter Sanford's Blog sorted by relevance for the query "road lapse."
• Posts on Walter Sanford's Blog with the label "Opteka 6.5mm."

Copyright © 2026 by Walter Sanford. All rights reserved.